Late 20th century to now

Notes 

• Graphics and music were closely related and they started to inspire each other.
• Led Zeplins album covers were really iconic (quite abstract)
• Storm Thorgoson was famous for creating the most iconic album covers. 
• You can see how morals throughout the world have changed by looking at album covers. (Some albums show naked babies this would be seen as wrong now)
• Music and film also inspired each other visually. Elp, Gieger created their album cover and it is inspired by the Alien film. 
• The music industry was very important in graphics and illustration. 
• Black sabbath were the first metal band their albums showed horror imagery.
• the Sex pistols represented Britain's economy going down the drain.
• Punk was created because young people wanted to rebel and create music on a budget (DIY)
• These punk bands aim was to shock the establishment.
• The punk movement became a parody of its self. (the great rock n roll swindle) 
• Buzzcocks were a punk band that created their own DIY album covers and DIY music.
• all of the punk movement was happening in the poor towns in Britain Don Mc Cullin photographed the every day like of the lower class Britain.
• Strong graphics and illustration started being used for government campaigns (Satchi and Satchi, 1979, labour isn't working) 
• in the 1980's The face (famous magazine) started it showed a lot of fashion photography and strong graphics. 
• Neville Brody worked by cutting and pasting images down on paper.
• in 1984 Martin Parr started using colour in photography pervious to this even though colour photography was invented people usually still used black and white. 

Film

• 70's A Clock work orange was withdrawn by the producer because of the violence shown in the film
• Jaws was the first block buster film. 
• Franchise was created and merch started to be made for films.
• Alien was created and the sci fi genre began. 

Digital

• 1984 the desk top computer with a graphic interface was created
• Luxor junior was the first animation using cgi in 1986
• Toy story was then made.
• 1991 Terminator 2 was the first film to use cgi animation with live action this was also the first use of a PC for cgi effects.
• the matrix uses a lot of cgi throughout the film.
• A scanner darkly 2007- uses retroscope (drawing on top of the film) to create a comic book effect.
• 1984 apple created desk top computers marketed for home use
• Kraftwerk was a bnd that made digital music the ablum showed advances in digital technology.
• Computer games were created  pong and space invaders were the first games. 
• Computers allowed designers to be more free with design.
• Typography started to be used more and tyrpography was even specially created for certain things. 
• Trick Typography was now possible. 
• The internet was then created by Tim Barners Lee 
• Google was created and it has became so bit that it owns most things throughout the internet.
• Everything changed because of the internet it was a huge revolution.
• Copyright began because artists work would be seen online and get stolen by other artists. Copyright protected them and showed that they created that piece of work. 
• there is lots of pros and cons of digital technology. 
• Because of technology people are able to do more things so one person could do everything for example photographers can make films and do graphic design. Its harder to do art because everyone can now do it.

Research task

Research the work of Graphic designers in contemporary music graphic design and or lifestyle magazines and branding

Pop punk started at the beginning of the 1970's it mainly came from the rebellion of young people as the music that was being produced at the time had heavy production values, which made it impossible for them to do.  Because of this the teens started to create DIY music with low production values, along with this came DIY album covers. These album covers were made by graphic designers that would find images and letters and paste them down to create a collage style image. One Iconic graphic designer of this style was Jamie Reid. He is most well known for creating the graphics for the Sex Pistols albums for example the god save the queen album (figure 1)

'The importance of visual imagery to punk can be demonstrated by examining the work of Jamie Reid, who became art director for The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. Reid had met Malcolm McLaren at Croydon Art College in 1968. Their common art background meant that when Malcolm McLaren asked him to work with the Sex Pistols in 1976 there was a feeling that the graphics, packaging and imagery surrounding the group could be of vital importance. Both were interested in, amongst other things, the ideas of the Situationists and Malcolm McLuhan.[1]'

(figure 1) Jamie Reid, sex pistols 'God save the Queen' Graphic

It could be said that Storm Thorgerson is one of the most iconic graphic designers that created album covers as he created so many highly recognisable album covers for example Pink Floyd's album cover for the division bell (figure 2.) His work often used photography as computer technology was not around at the time the art work was created. His work is often mistaken for hard drawn/painted art because of the quality that they give. He also used clever theories and optics for some of his designs for example in (figure 2) he used the famous vase illusion to create the image.

The concept of two heads making one is based on a drawing known as the "vase illusion", where two silhouettes of faces in profile constitute the edges of a white vase. The viewer sees either the faces or the vase but not both.[2] 

(figure 2) Storm Thorgerson, Pink Floyd's album cover for the division, 1994

[1]Huxley David and Sabin Roger, Punk Rock: So What?, Routledge, 1999, p.85
[2] Thorgerson, S. and Powell, A. (1999) 100 Best Album Covers. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd

1930's USA

Research Task

1) detailed study of 3 key hollywood films from the 30s

2) analysis of 3 key photos from the dustball programme

3) analysis of 3 key art deco posters looking at political or commercial context with reference to illustration or typography


This period of time was Very glamorous and luxurious but at the same time there was an economic disaster and this is visible throughout the art that was created at this time. The Art deco movement showed The Glamorous side of life in the USA. The Art Deco style was influenced by a few different styles such as cubism, constructivism, and Bauhaus and modernism. This style developed out of the art novae period. Art Deco designs were created for many different things such as advertisement, political campaigns and  even magazines. 

Art deco clothing and product advertisement's were mainly focussed on the glamorous side of  life, and tried to offer an idealised version of life, although there was a lot of poverty and economic hard ship happening across the USA. The illustration in a poster  by Julius Ussy Engelhard shows (Figure 1) the decadence and luxury of the wealthier people of the 1930's usa. 

But in Germany, immediately following the First World War, the development of fashion in the style of art deco had to struggle against the economic hardship caused by the war... Against this backdrop of poverty the fashion journals dreams of the luxury of previous epochs  [1] 

(Figure 1) Julius Ussy Engelhard, poster for Kilda puderquasten, 1927

 As well as commercial use posters were often used for political reasons for example posters would show their industrial developments as a form of showing off. This would make the people feel more optimistic in such a bad economical time. The way that industry was represented was very big and over powering to show dominance. This will have also made the future look brighter as industry created jobs and more money. as well as industry these posters would show other technological advances like transport especially trains as shown in (Figure 2.) These posters showed how much transport has improved and the also glamorised it making it look big and powerful. The typography along the bottom of the page has been composed in a clever way to help represent train routes. 

 ... the real revolution in the field of public transportation had occurred in the nineteenth century, with the creation of the major international shipping routes and railway networks, along with the principle of genuine public transport that was accessible for [2]  

(Figure 2) Cassandre, Nord Express, poster, 1927.

Typography was also a big part of the art deco period as text started being used for more of an illustrative effect. for example in Charles Loupot's poster for paris (figure 3) the typography Is representative of the image portrayed in the poster. The Typography shows orange wavy lines running through it and it could be said that this is symbolic of the steam that is shown within the poster. The poster also shows a political side as the message behind the imagery within poster is showing how decretive arts and industry work in harmony with one another.

his image of a factory with a rose emerging from the smoke was intended to symbolise co-operation between the decretive arts and industry [3] 

(figure 3) Charles Loupotm, Exposition poster, 1925

[1] Wolf N, Art Deco, Prestel, London
[2] Atterbury P, Art Deco 1910-1939, V&A Publications, 2003. p 315.
[3] Ainsley J, Art Deco 1910-1939, V&A Publications, 2003. p 297

1950's and 1960's

Research task

Research Consumer culture in the 1950's and 1960's advertising.

Consumer culture is when a society is ran by money and what is bought (consumed) reflects in the economy. companies would advertise to sell their products. Many different advertisements were used and they would come in lots of different forms such as radio, poster and TV advertisements.

 Advertisement in the 1950's and 1960's would glorify situations to make them look better to make it look like your life would be improved if you had the product that was being sold to you. the messages portrayed in the posters were designed to make you feel like your life was bad if you didn't have or get a product for someone. it would also manipulate people and make them feel like if they didn't own or do a certain thing that they would be different to their friends and people all over the country. The advertisements would also make things that were bad for you sound like they were good. Sometimes this was taken to extreme for example there would be posters telling you that smoking was good for you as shown in (figure 1.) Some of the advertisements were shocking showing people in the medical field for example doctors and dentists saying that  smoking was good for you 

But how about doctors and other medical professionals, proclaiming the merits of various cigarette brands? Or politicians? What about cartoon characters in cigarette ads? Or children? Babies? Even Santa Claus?[1]

(Figure 1) Camel smoking advertisement, 1950's 

 Although there was a lot of advances for women's rights in the war there was also a lot of sexism going on within product advertisement posters. Most of these posters played on the themes of women cooking and making things for the men (figure 2) and (figure 3)

 In spite of significant changes in women's lives in the second half of the century, food advertisers focussed almost exclusively on women's traditional fender roles. [2]

(figure 3) sexist Kenwood advertisement, 1950's

(figure 3) sexist Chase and Sanborn Coffee advertisement, 1950's

[1] ELLIOTT S, When Doctors, and Even Santa, Endorsed Tobacco,  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/business/media/07adco.html?_r=0 (Accessed 12/03/2014)

[2] K J Parkin, Food is Love: Advertising and gender roles in modern America, University of Pennsylvania press, 2006, p.22

  

1920's in Europe and Russia

Notes 

surrealism

• Surrealism- came from people that started the Dada movement.
• It started in Paris and this became the main centre of the movement.
• The movement eventually spread across the world effecting visual arts and even language in some countries.
• Dali became huge within the surrealist movement.
• the surrealists believed in being irrational and they liked to challenge their thought processes.
• Freud's theories of dream analysis, free association and the unconscious was very important to the surrealists as it helped them to develop new methods of freeing their minds. 
• Surrealism tried to be random but it also tried to make sense from the nonsense in the art.
• Max Ernst combined human form with buildings.
• People always try to interoperate surrealist art but its subjective to the artist and the viewer because its random and doesn't really have any logic behind it.  
• Rene Magritte liked the idea of painting things to look real (trompe l'oeil)
• a lot of metaphores were used within surrealism that link to sexuallity.
• Art was where the idea of euphemisms started. 
• Joan Miro created bizarre representations of animals that looked pretty abstract.
• Salvador Dali uses similar forms throughout his work.
• Dali also used found objects to create his images (lobster telephone) 
• Hans Bellmer created creepy distorted forms of women.
• Man ray created surrealist photography- at the time that he created his images it was ground breaking as nothing like this had aver been done or seen before. 
• In the 70's and 80's surrealism wasnt as shocking as it once was and it began to be used in advertising quite a lot (Guiness advertisement)

The Bauhaus- Germany

• a school of design established in Weimar in 1919 by WalterGropius, moved to Dessau in 1926, and closed in 1933 as aresult of Nazi hostility.
• Started off with Expressionism- very angular, geometric work.
• A few years later it moved away from expressionism and moved on to more modern ideas. 
• in 1924 the Bauhaus was forced to close but the school re opened in  Dessau.   

Revolutionary soviet Russia 

• Russian constructivist created a lot of propaganda art- iconic red army, white army poster.
• El Lizzitsky Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge. 1919
• Gustav  Klutsis created images using collage and bright colours 
• constructivist art represented building things up for example buildings, communities ect.
• There was no boundaries between design and art they crossed over a lot at this time and the same art was often used for a lot of different purposes.
• Photography in constructivism was very angular and a lot of strange angles were used to photograph buildings. This was because of smaller cameras.

Research task

Research Surrealism and Sexuality in 1920s Art,  Photography and Film

In the 1920's surrealism was a new movement forming from the Dada movement. The surrealist movement was all about artist's creating strange random images that would never be seen in real life. André Breton was a surrealist artist that created a lot of surrealist art that often included elements of human form with other strange imagery (figure 1.) The art that was created was linked very closely to Sigmund Freud's psychological theories of dream analysis of dream analysis, free association and the unconscious.

Central to this concept were the ideas of Sigmund Freud, Which Andre Breton adapted to suit his own purposes. He regarded Freud's findings as the fortuitous re discovery of the power of dreams and imagination that had lain hidden behind the purely rational outlook that predominated at the time. [1]   

André Breton, The lamp smokes but the Nile reeks (La lampe fume mais le nil empeste), 1937

Salvador Dali was one of the main artists within this movement as his work was so put there and unique to any other art before this movement. He was also very successful because he created art across all areas as he created paintings, films and sculptures. Everything that he did in life even down to his moustache style screamed surrealism. He saw the world very differently to what the average person might, this becomes clear by looking at his paintings. Dali created a lot of art that referenced more of a sexual theme for example his painting 'The great masterbater,' (Image 2) as the title suggests, the painting has sexual content. The image is quite confusing because it isn't obvious that the image has sexual themes at first glance but upon further inspection you realise what the image is actually showing . 

... an array of odd and sometimes disturbing images began to appear in his work. Many of the paintings had shocking sexual images that are interpreted as indicating Dali's fear and shame regarding sex and sexual relations. [2]

Salvador Dali, The Great Masturbator, 1929

Surrealism also spanned out across different creative areas and the photographers started to experiment with creating surrealist images. Obviously this was a lot different to painting because with photography you are photographing real life and not just creating an image from your head. Because of this photographers had to think more outside of the box so they started they started to create surrealist images with the help of props and different camera settings. Man Ray created a lot of different surrealist photographs in his life. One of his photographs called Ingres' violin (Figure 3) shows a woman with the illusion of a carved back.  This was revolutionary at the time because nothing like this had ever been done within photography. 

...the photograph confuses the usual status and conventions of a photographic image with respect to reality. It introduces fantasy. Any range of techniques can be used to produce disruptions of a conventional photographic signifier, with the camera (lens shifts, focal plane and angles of view, uses of lighting ect.)[3]

(Figure 3) Man Ray, Ingres' violin, 1924

[1] C Klingsöhr-Leroy, Surrealism, Taschen, p 7
[2] M Elsohn Elsohn Ros, Salvador Dalí and the Surrealists: Their Lives and Ideas, 21 Activities, 2003. P 50
[3] D Bate, Photography and Surrealism: Sexuality, Colonialism and Social Dissent, I.B.Tauris, 2004.
 P 29.

1900-1920

Notes 

Why Hollywood came about

• Thomas Edison created the Motion Picture Patents Company so he would be in charge of the film industry. He owned the patents to all films so companies would have to pay him to have their films shown. 
•  he also painted sprockets in film so people had to pay him to use this technology.
• Edison's patents were really angry because of the large fee's that they had to pay him so the 'patents war' ensued.
•  many people went away to make their films to escape this charge.
• The first film studio was created in 1910.

US Film

• Actors and actresses started to become famous for being in films
• Florence Lawrence - first famous actress
• Theaters became commercial they used to be called Nickelodeons 
• Films showed a lot of racism and historical events.
• Editing changed film completely and allowed flashbacks for better storytelling.

photography and art

• photo's showed ghostly images because of exposure time was long and people would move in between the photo being shot and the photo developing.
• cheap portraits of people were mad because it became cheaper to make photo's.
• some artists wanted to use photography as an art form. 
• A lot of paintings were re created in photo's.
• A lot of soft focus images were made by Alfred Steiglitz,  Edward Steichen, 
  John Dudley Johnston and Wilbur Porterfield
      to create the soft painting techniques in Japanese painting
• The Japanese had a massive influence on him and a few other photographers at that time.
• out of focus, soft photos photos referenced impressionism which was inspired by Japanese painting. 
• pre raphalite work was also referenced within photographs.
• Nudes started being used like they are in paintings. 

Photography as document

• Alfred Stieglitz- shows upper and lower class he used really good composition.
• photos were made that showed children in the work house this promoted campeigns against social issues at the time. 
• In France a photo was made that shows a woman jumping. in the pgoto she is in mid air but shutter speed didn't exist when it was created but the photo exists.
• Photography shows the changes in fashion.

Modern art

• Art started being used as decoration
• Abstract came from impressionism
• there was a gradual move from realistic to abstract.
• Picasso was influenced by African tribal art.
• Picasso created art that couldn't be created with a camera.
• he started to collage using found materials. 
• Cubism was the centre of all art around that time.
• it was short lived in the development of modern art. 
• German expressionism was created more to evoke emotion.
• Futurism started in Italy.
• Anti art, art was created (Dada) in response to the war
• news didn't show the bad side of the war because it went against the moral of the country.
• so photographers would use photography to show the real side of the war (deformities and injuries)

1900-1920

• The Twentieth century began with optimism as people were looking to the future (new technology) 

Research task

Research Art Photography in the early 20th. Century.

In the early 20th century the Kodak introduced the Box brownie camera, this allowed little snapshots to be taken. This also made photography a lot cheaper so artists decided to use this to their advantage and started to create photographs for artistic purposes rather than for documentation or portraiture. A lot of masterpieces such as vermeer's paintings (figure 1) were re created within photography (figure 2), this was done to prove that photography was a creditable form of art. The artists that did this called themselves "Pictorialists."

Aligning themselves with the aspirations of contemporary movements in painting, the pictoralists were able to make the point that they were practicing a fine art in photography.[1]

Jan Vermeer,The Art of Painting, c. 1666-73 Oil on canvas

Richard Polack – the Artist and his Model 1914.

Alfred Steiglitz, Edward Steichen, John Dudley Johnston and Wilbur Porterfield were all photographers in the early 20th century and they created photographs inspired by the impressionist art movement. The impressionist movement was heavily inspired by Japanese paintings so you can also see the influence from that within their photographs. Their photographs were very subtle and soft  creating a more abstract and ambient look as seen in (figure 3), much like the pioneer of impressionism Monet's work (figure 4). 

In the fall of 1890, George Davison gave a paper...called "impressionism in photography." He aimed to connect modern photography with modern art, explaining that the 'newer school of photographers" and "the body of painters known as impressionists" embraced the same principles...[2]

 (figure 1) John Dudley Johnston. Liverpool—An Impression, 1906. 
Gum bichromate print. Royal Photographic Society, Bath. England. 
 

(figure 2) Claude Monet, San Giorgio Maggiore at Dusk, 1908–1912, Oil on canvas

[1] Edited by: L Warren, Pictoralism in Encylopedia of twentieth century photography, volume 1, Routledge, 2006. P 1263   

[2] Edited by: J Hannavy, Impressionist photography in Encyclopaedia of Nineteenth century photography, Routledge, 2008. P 737 

Propaganda and the Second World War (30's & 40's)

Notes

Nazi propaganda art

• in Nazi propaganda flags were used as part of bringing the nation together. Branding and advertising also used flags and symbolism.
• swastika was originally an indian sign for piece but the nazis took it and used the symbol in a totally different light and they used it to represent them. It is now seen as a bad symbol and is often not used in modern day life.
• propaganda was used as a form of advertising and preparing people the german people in advance for what was going to happen during the war. 
• a lot of propaganda posters used the same font, this font has became iconic of propaganda art. 
• All of the Nazi propaganda idolised Hitler (image showing hitler with light beams behind him, looks like Jesus Christ)
• Everything in Germany around this time was trying to convince people that what they were doing was right. For example books were written about being agains the jews and art work was making jews look bad.
•  A lot of modernist degenerate art was used. It was very popular in propaganda art.

Anti Nazi propaganda 

• left wing magazines showed a lot of anti nazi propaganda.
• they often played on words and used a lot of visual puns.
• Charlie Chaplin made a spoof of the film Triumph of the will (1935) The film was about hitler making a speech to the people of Germany. Chaplin made the spoof in protest of Nazi Germany.
• Henry Moore used art to document how war effected peoples lives hard hitting  horrible imagery made life at this time look like hell.

Art used for recruitment

• Recruitment used a lot of strong graphics
• These posters played a large part in equality for women. as it was getting women out of the house and working. Doing the jobs to keep society going whilst the men went away to fight.
• it was a big advance for feminists but sexism was still going strong as shown in a lot of posters.
• Keep calm carry on posters were made incase of an invasion to help people stay calm. They were never used because we weren't invaded. They were discovered years later and are now iconic artwork.

Research task

research Illustration, graphics and posters in the second world war

During the second world war posters were used for many different things  but they were mainly used for advertising propaganda.  Propaganda was used for many reasons but it was used predominately for preparing the civilian population for what the army was planning to do. It also was used to get people on side and persuade them that what they were doing was right even if what the army was fighting for wasn't quite right. For example in Germany the Nazi propaganda would depict the jews representing them in a bad light so the people of Germany would be more accepting of what hitler was doing. (Figure 1) shows a  cartoon style Jewish man and it could be said that within the image he looks very cunning and evil. 

The Nazis wanted to persuade Germans that jews were an inferior race so that they could carry out their plan to segregate and exterminate them. Posters depicting jews as ugly bankers, taking money from honest people. As the war went on the depictions of jews became less human. [1]

(Figure 1) 1937 publication advertising the Der ewige Jude exhibit.

In  Britain propaganda was used in a very different way. It was used in a much more positive light as it was made to spread good moral to the country.These posters would often feature positive motivational messages such as 'Let us go forward together' as this was what kept the country optimistic. The propaganda also played a large part in recruitment especially for women as most of the men were away fighting and they needed people to work in the shops and factories. This was a great step in equality for women. Rather than being sexist towards women these posters would speak highly of the women with slogans such as 'Women in the war, we can't win without them' as seen in (figure 2,) this was to motivate the women even more to start working. The colours used in this particular poster are the colours of the british flag this would promote patriotism and make the women feel proud to work for their country. 

as in Britain, the role of women both in services and factories was publicised. [2]

Although women had been working in factories for the previous 200 years, they often had to different work from men. The increase of female workers in the 1930's and 40's allowed them to work on equal terms with men, often performing the same jobs. [3] 

 

(figure 2) Propaganda poster, 1942 

[1] SAMUELS C, Propaganda, Brown bear books limited, 2013 p.16 
[2] MOORE C, Propaganda prints, A&C Black publishers Limited, 2010 p.156
[3]GUY J, 30's and 40's Britain, ticktock media Ltd, 2008 p. 23

19th Century

The industrial revolution and empire notes

Technology and engineering

·      Steam engine created and the first steam powered printing press was created in 1841

·      The times newspaper owned 2 steam printing presses so daily newspapers were released and mass production began.

·      Newspapers were originally very text heavy containing little to no illustrations.

·      Etchings allowed images to be used in newspapers.

·      Factories and farms used steam machinery.

·      Steam was also used for motion. Trains opened up transport so communication and trade was faster and easier.

·      Photography was invented two different ways around the same time

·      Pinhole or camera obscurer- Henry Fox Talbot and mirror photography- Daguerre

·      War between France and Crimea 1853-1856 conflict between the Russian Empire

·      Flags were very important in art around this time as it inspired people to be more patriotic and support their country.

·      France and Britain became allies because of this war.

·      It was the first war to be recorded on a daily basis because of telegraphs.

1855

·      First photographed war

·      Avoided photographs of the dead to keep up moral

·      The aftermath of the war was recorded in photos-Valley of death

·      Rodger Fenton created these images his camera was the back of a van

·      Prints were made from the photographs by artists for reproduction and printing

American Civil war

·      2^nd Half of the 19^th century

·      It happened after America became independent.

·      Slavery was very apparent and there was a lot of abuse shown towards the African American slaves.

·      Mathew Brady- civil war photographer

·      Images began to loose their impact (the novelty wore off) because there were too many images being made

1851- The Great Exhibition

·      East India trading company belonged to Britain

·      The Indian influence was massive on British textiles

China

·      China produced lots of goods that were especially for Europe as the Asian style was in fashion in Europe

·      These goods were not used in China they were adapted to suit a more British taste.

·      It got out of hand and almost everything even guns had an elaborate Asian pattern on it (just because they could)

Romanticism

·      This art movement was very much against industrialization

·      It celebrated nature

·      Paintings became smaller and more affordable for middle class people so they could have them in their homes.

·      These paintings made everything look more pretty and romantic.

·      This art movement was against machinery because it was putting the working class out of jobs

·      The countryside became empty and the towns and cities became packed because of industry.

·      Charles dickens books showed the reality of the conditions that the working class lived in.

·      William Morris was against all forms of industry so he created all of his art by hand (Chinese influence) 

·      Pre Raphaelite art showed good morals they often showed how work is good. (shown in happy light images)

·      In France their art showed how things really were for people (dark and dreary)

Research task

The reaction of ‘Romanticist’ visual artists to the industrial revolution in the 19^th Century

The art movement of romanticism was all about showing nature and romance within art. Many areas of the creative world took part in this movement for example poets writers and all parts of visual arts were united because of this movement. The movement was very much against the world becoming industrialised and they showed this within their arts by creating images only depicting nature and all natural forms of life. Some artists such as William Morris was so against industrialisation and machinery that he would create all of his pretty, complicated floral designs (figure 1) by hand. 

Inspired by his love of mediaeval art and design, Morris set out to revive the traditions of craftsmanship which, in his mind, had been lost during the Industrial Revolution.[1]

(figure 1) William morris, floral bird pattern

Within the romanticism period some artists were more accepting of industry for example one artist J M W Turner often used vibrant colours to help show the beauty of nature and more dulled down colours to show industrialisation. He used colour in a more of an abstract way to show the natural forces (weather) on earth. He painted in a way that gave a look more towards abstract or impressionism. MW Turner would also attempt to show metaphors in his work, for example in his painting 'Rain, Steam and speed' (figure 2) He shows nature and the industrial world coincide together within one image. The colours help to separate the two metaphors that he is trying to show. 

Like Rain, Steam and Speed, the fighting temeraire (figure 3) seems to involve a muted dialectic between natural and mechanical power.[2]

(figure 2) J M W Turner,  Rain, Steam and Speed,1844

(figure 3) J M W Turner,The fighting temeraire, 1839

[1] William morris- Artist, Philosopher, Poet and Designer. Pdf on web page, http://www.william-morris.co.uk/Morris%20History.pdf (last accessed 21/02/2014)
[2] G Finley, Angel in the sun: Turner's vision of history, McGill-Queen's university press,1999.p 145.